ABSTRACT
Background: Osteoporosis refers to a disorder of the skeletal tissues that affect the density and quality of thebone. In most communities, the disorder is known to affect up to half of the population of women aged above 50years, while affecting up to 205 of men of the similar age. Various research studies have however revealed thatthe majority of people are usually not aware of this condition. Normally, fractures resulting from osteoporosiscan lead to disability, premature mortality or poor quality of life.This study therefore aims to assess the knowledgeand awareness among adult residents of Riyadh in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia regarding osteoporosis and itsrisk factors. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional, data was collected among adult residents in Riyadh inSaudi Arabia. It used stratified random sampling method for the selection of the study population. For the datacollection, the study used a pre-coded self-administered questionnaire. It used SPSS software version 20 in datamanagement and analysis. Results: 385 completed the survey through the questionnaires, 41.8% were females,and 58.2% were males. From the chi-square analysis, we failed to reject the null hypothesis that there is noassociation between gender and awareness of risk factors associated with osteoporosis. Conclusion: Althoughvarious research studies have asserted that awareness of risk factors associated with osteoporosis is mostworrisome compared to other elements such as attitude and preventive measures, this study deduces thatawareness does not depend on gender or age. Instead, it agrees with assertions from other studies, which indicatethat awareness is positively correlated with levels of education.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the frequency of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction and various reasons of pre-hospital delay in early morning hours
Study Design: Cross-sectional survey
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the department of Cardiology, Chaudhary Pervaiz Elahi Institute of Cardiology, Multan from 18th September 2012 to 17th March 2013
Materials and Methods: 164 patients of either sex giving mid-section torment in right on time morning were incorporated in this study. The meeting secured the patients' indications, the season of onset of side effects, the consequent occasions and the past history. Entry time short the season of side effects onset was ascertained as pre-healing center postponement and it was computed in hours
Results: 164 patients were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 54.85 years with standard deviation of 10.684 years. 77 [46.95%] patients were male and 87 [53.05%] patients were female.Mean delay of patientswith chest pain was 3.49 hours with standard deviation of 1.777 hours. 96 patients had pre-hospital delay of more than 3 hours while 68 patients had no pre-hospital delay. 130 patients presenting with morning chest pain had ST elevation MI while 34 patients did not have ST elevationMI
Conclusion: In conclusion, onset of symptoms at night especially in morning causes more prolonged delay in hospital arrival because transport means and medical helps are beyond reach at these times
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Informed consent is the back bone of patients' autonomy. The advancement in medical technology has further increased its importance. In the developing countries including Pakistan, general physicians play a vital role in providing health care to the patients but unfortunately majority of them are unaware about the ethical aspects of their medical practice
Methodology:
Objectives: 1. To determine the level of awareness about informed consent among general practitioners. 2. To assess the association between various socio-demographic factors to the awareness about informed consent
Study Design: Community based cross sectional study
Settings: General medical practitioners of district Hyderabad were the study population
Period Of Study: Two months
Material and Methods: One hundred and forty subjects were selected for the study through purposive non-probability sampling. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was the tool for the data collection. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 16.The variables of interest were gender of general practitioners, their age, level of qualifications, residence and occasions when informed consent was taken. The association between various socio-demographic variables was determined by applying Chi-square test at
Results: One hundred and forty general medical practitioners of varying ages from 32-60 years participated in the study. The mean age of the general physician was 39 +/- 1.8 years. The awareness about informed consent was found among 128[91.4%] subjects but unfortunately only 45.7%of them actually practiced it. The results regarding awareness as well as practice of informed consent among males and females were however not significant [p=0.520]. The young general practitioners i.e age 31-40 years were less practicing informed consent as compared to older general practitioners i.e. age 51-60 years and onwards [p= 0.04].The physicians practicing in urban areas were more cognizant about informed consent [p=0.05].Informed consent from patients was obtained before giving local anesthesia [80%], blood transfusion [24.3%]and before examination of female patients [46.4%]
Conclusions: Informed consent taking is not a routine process adopted by general medical practitioners so there is a strong need for general practitioners to change their attitude and acknowledge the patient's autonomy by taking informed consent, which is the basis of modern medical ethics
ABSTRACT
Non-CYP oxidase enzymes are important system in biotransformation of drugs and environmental pollutants. Molybdenum containing oxidase enzymes such as aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase are constitutive tissue enzymes that metabolize several drug moieties. Herein, we evaluated the circadian rhythm of these two enzymes in mice liver using different substrate/oxygen donor couples. Aldehyde oxidase showed typical rhythmic fluctuation with peak activity at night cycle and minimum activity at light cycle using pthalazine/ferricyanide and 3-methylisoquinoline/ferricyanide substrates. On the other hand, xanthine oxidase showed interrupted diurnal rhythm, however peak and minimum enzyme activities were similar to aldehyde oxidase circadian rhythm. In conclusion, diurnal rhythm of both molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes was confirmed and validated in mice liver tissue that might provide further insights in the experimental evaluation of phase-I pharmacokinetics for new drugs